Biomass and bioenergy, derived from organic materials like agricultural residues, forestry waste, and municipal waste, holds immense potential as a renewable energy source. Innovations in biomass conversion technologies, such as pyrolysis, gasification, and anaerobic digestion, enable the efficient conversion of biomass into heat, electricity, and biofuels. Biorefinery processes are unlocking the full potential of biomass by producing a wide range of valuable products, including bio-based chemicals and materials.